Recent discoveries of two diminutive hominin species, Homo floresiensis and Homo luzonensis, raise questions regarding how extreme body size reduction occurred in some extinct human species in insular environments. Previous investigations at Mata Menge, Flores Island, Indonesia, suggested that the early Middle Pleistocene ancestors of Homo floresiensis had even smaller jaws and teeth. Now, paleoanthropologists have discovered additional hominin fossils from the same deposits at Mata Menge. An adult humerus (lower half of the upper arm bone) is estimated to be 9-16% shorter and thinner than the type specimen of Homo floresiensis dated to around 60,000 years ago, and is smaller than any other Plio-Pleistocene adult hominin humeri. The discovery suggests that the Homo floresiensis lineage most likely evolved from early Asian Homo erectus and was a long-lasting lineage on Flores with markedly diminutive body size since at least around 700,000 years ago.
Reconstruction of Homo floresiensis. Image credit: Elisabeth Daynes.
Homo floresiensis is a diminutive hominin species known from the Late Pleistocene at Liang Bua, a limestone cave in western Flores.
Archaeological evidence suggests this species inhabited Liang Bua as recently as 50,000 years ago, a time when our own species, Homo sapiens, was already long established in Australia to the south.
There has been much debate about the origin of the mysterious humans from Flores.
It was first hypothesized that Homo floresiensis was a dwarfed descendant of early Asian Homo erectus.
Another theory is that the ‘Hobbit’ is a late-surviving remnant of a more ancient hominin from Africa that pre-dates Homo erectus and was small in stature to begin with, in which case possible candidates include Homo habilis or Australopithecus afarensis, a species that includes the famous ‘Lucy.’
Other than Liang Bua, hominin fossils have only ever been found at a single location on Flores: the open-air site of Mata Menge 75 km to the east of the cave.
Located in the sparsely populated tropical grasslands of the So’a Basin, the site previously yielded several hominin fossils — a jaw fragment and six teeth — excavated from a layer of sandstone laid down by a small stream around 700,000 years ago.
Pre-dating the Liang Bua hominins by 650,000 years, the Mata Menge fossil remains have been shown to belong to at least three individuals with even slightly smaller jaws and teeth than Homo floresiensis, implying that small body size evolved early in the history of Flores hominins.
However, as postcranial elements — bones from below the head — had not been found in the fossil record at this site it could not be confirmed that these So’a Basin hominins were at least as small as, if not slightly smaller than, Homo floresiensis.
It was also unclear what species the Mata Menge fossils belonged to, owing to the lack of more diagnostic specimens.
However, some teeth were deemed to be intermediate in form between those of early Asian Homo erectus and Homo floresiensis.
This is an artist’s reconstruction of Homo erectus. Image credit: Yale University.
In a new paper published in the journal Nature Communications, University of Tokyo’s Professor Yousuke Kaifu and colleagues report the discovery of three additional hominin fossils from Mata Menge dating to 700,000 years ago, the outcome of several field seasons of excavations at this site.
Most importantly, the new assemblage includes the first postcranial element, a distal shaft of an adult humerus.
The recovery of a fossil limb bone from the Mata Menge excavation site has been long-awaited because of the wealth of evidence it provides regarding the ancestral origin of Homo floresiensis.
Digital microscopy of the microstructure indicates that the small humerus is from an adult individual.
Based on the estimated length of the bone, the team was able to calculate the body height of this hominin to be about 100 cm tall.
This is around 6 cm shorter than the estimated body height of the 60,000-year-old Homo floresiensis skeleton from Liang Bua (around 106 cm, based on the femoral length).
“This 700,000-year-old adult humerus is not just shorter than that of Homo floresiensis, it is the smallest upper arm bone known from the hominin fossil record worldwide,” said Griffith University’s Professor Adam Brumm.
“This very rare specimen confirms our hypothesis that the ancestors of Homo floresiensis were extremely small in body size.”
“However, it is now apparent from the tiny proportions of this limb bone that the early progenitors of the ‘Hobbit’ were even smaller than we had previously thought.”
The two additional hominin teeth from Mata Menge are also small in size and one bears shape characteristics that are most consistent with early Homo erectus of Java.
This similarity does not support the hypothesis that Homo floresiensis evolved from an earlier and more primitive type of hominin, the likes of which have never been recovered from Indonesia, or indeed the wider region outside Africa.
The Mata Menge human remains, which now total 10 fossil specimens, are from at least four individuals, including two children.
All of them are very similar anatomically to the Liang Bua Homo floresiensis and can now be regarded as an older variant of this hominin.
However, while a direct ancestor of the ‘Hobbit,’ this earlier form had a less specialized dentition (more primitive teeth) than its descendant at Liang Bua.
Further, it is evident from the tiny arm bone that extreme body size reduction occurred early in the history of the Flores hominins.
“The evolutionary history of the Flores hominins is still largely unknown,” Professor Brumm said.
“However, the new fossils strongly suggest that the ‘Hobbit’ story did indeed begin when a group of the early Asian hominins known as Homo erectus somehow became isolated on this remote Indonesian island, perhaps one million years ago, and underwent a dramatic body size reduction over time.”
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Y. Kaifu et al. 2024. Early evolution of small body size in Homo floresiensis. Nat Commun 15, 6381; doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50649-7