According to a new dietary intervention study published in the journal Nature Medicine, switching from a diet high in saturated animal fats to one rich in plant-based unsaturated fats affects the fat composition in the blood, which in turn influences long-term disease risk.
Eichelmann et al. show that it is possible to accurately measure diet-related fat changes in the blood and directly link them to the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Image credit: Tung Lam.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) highlights the importance of healthy diets in preventing chronic diseases, recommending the replacement of saturated fats with plant-based unsaturated fats to reduce cardiometabolic risk.
However, the certainty of these guidelines is moderate due to limitations in existing studies.
The new study addressed these limitations by closely analysing fats in the blood, also known as lipids, with a method called lipidomics.
These very detailed lipid measurements enabled the researchers to link diet and disease in an innovative combination of different study types.
This approach combines dietary intervention studies (that use highly controlled diets), with previously carried out cohort studies with long-term health tracking.
“Our collaborative study provides confirmatory evidence of the health benefits of a diet low in saturated fats and high in unsaturated plant fats, and could help provide targeted dietary advice to those who would benefit most from changing their eating habits,” said University of Reading’s Professor Julie Lovegrove.
“Our study confirms with even more certainty the health benefits of a diet high in unsaturated plant fats such as the Mediterranean diet,” added Dr. Clemens Wittenbecher, a reseracher at Chalmers University of Technology.
The study involved 113 participants of the DIVAS trial, a single-blind randomized controled parallel trial.
For 16 weeks, one group consumed a diet high in saturated animal fats, while the other group followed a diet rich in unsaturated plant-based fats.
Blood samples were analysed using lipidomics to identify specific lipid molecules reflecting the different diets each participant consumed.
“We summarised the effects on blood lipids with a multi-lipid score (MLS),” said Dr. Fabian Eichelmann, a researcher at the German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke.
“A high MLS indicates a healthy blood fat profile, and a high intake of unsaturated plant fat and low intake of saturated animal fat can help achieving such positive MLS levels.”
“These MLS results from the dietary intervention study were then statistically related to the occurrence of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in large observational studies that had previously been carried out.”
“These large cohort studies followed initially healthy participants for several years.”
This analysis of data from both sets of studies showed that participants with a higher MLS, which indicates a beneficial dietary fat composition, had a substantially reduced risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases.
Additionally, the scientists examined whether individuals with low MLS levels, indicating high saturated fat content of the diet, specifically benefited from a healthier diet.
The Mediterranean diet focuses on providing more unsaturated plant fats and was used in one of the large intervention trials, known as the PREDIMED trial.
Using this study, the authors found that diabetes prevention was indeed most pronounced in individuals with low MLS levels at the start of the study.
“Diet is so complex that it is often difficult to draw conclusive evidence from a single study,” Dr. Wittenbecher said.
“Our approach of using lipidomics to combine intervention studies with highly controlled diets and prospective cohort studies with long-term health tracking can overcome current limitations in nutrition research.”
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F. Eichelmann et al. Lipidome changes due to improved dietary fat quality inform cardiometabolic risk reduction and precision nutrition. Nat Med, published online July 11, 2024; doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-03124-1
This article is a version of a press-release provided by the University of Reading.
