Planetary scientists expected the outermost layer of the crust of Earth’s hotter twin would grow thicker and thicker over time given its apparent lack of forces that would drive the crust back into the planet’s interior. But a team of planetary scientists from The Open University, NASA’s Johnson Space Center and Lunar and Planetary Institute new proposes a crust metamorphism process based on rock density and melting cycles.
An artist’s concept of active volcanoes on Venus, depicting a subduction zone where the foreground crust plunges into the planet’s interior at the topographic trench. Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / Peter Rubin.
Earth’s rocky crust is made up of massive plates that slowly move, forming folds and faults in a process known as plate tectonics.
For example, when two plates collide, the lighter plate slides on top of the denser one, forcing it downward into the layer beneath it, the mantle.
This process, known as subduction, helps control the thickness of Earth’s crust.
The rocks making up the bottom plate experience changes caused by increasing temperature and pressure as it sinks deeper into the interior of the planet.
Those changes are known as metamorphism, which is one cause of volcanic activity.
“In contrast, Venus has a crust that is all one piece, with no evidence for subduction caused by plate tectonics like on Earth,” said Dr. Justin Filiberto, deputy chief of NASA’s Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division at NASA’s Johnson Space Center.
Dr. Filiberto and his colleagues used modeling to determine that its crust is about 40 km (25 miles) thick on average and at most 65 km (40 miles) thick.
“That is surprisingly thin, given conditions on the planet,” Dr. Filiberto said.
“It turns out that, according to our models, as the crust grows thicker, the bottom of it becomes so dense that it either breaks off and becomes part of the mantle or gets hot enough to melt.”
“So, while Venus has no moving plates, its crust does experience metamorphism.”
“This finding is an important step toward understanding geological processes and evolution of the planet.”
“This breaking off or melting can put water and elements back into the planet’s interior and help drive volcanic activity.”
“This gives us a new model for how material returns to the interior of the planet and another way to make lava and spur volcanic eruptions.”
“It resets the playing field for how the geology, crust, and atmosphere on Venus work together.”
“The next step is to gather direct data about Venus’ crust to test and refine these models.”
“We don’t actually know how much volcanic activity is on Venus.”
“We assume there is a lot, and research says there should be, but we’d need more data to know for sure.”
The findings appear in the journal Nature Communications.
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J. Semprich et al. 2025. Metamorphism of Venus as driver of crustal thickness and recycling. Nat Commun 16, 2905; doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-58324-1
